1
Shoah Memorial Trail in Luxembourg City
Shoah Memorial Trail in Luxembourg City
Let us not forget the Shoah victims!
The two-hour Shoah Memorial Trail in Luxembourg City offers an insight into the wiping out of Jewish life in Luxembourg by Nazi Germany.
The non-profit association MemoShoah Luxembourg initiated this memorial trail so that the fate of the approximately 4000 Jews who lived here on the day of the German invasion will be remembered. The path leads past well-known and lesser-known places that played a key role in Luxembourg with regard to the Shoah.
The trail starts at the main railway station in Luxembourg City, where a total of seven deportation trains deported 658 Jews to various ghettos and extermination camps from 1941 onwards, and ends at the Kaddish Monument, which commemorates the fate of the Jews living here who fell victim to the anti-Semitic persecution and extermination policies of the Nazi occupying power. Around 1200 of the original 4000 Jewish residents of Luxembourg did not survive the Shoah; about 130 lost their lives in the resistance struggle against Nazi Germany in France and Belgium. Despite this, it was not until 2016 that Jews were recognised as a group of Luxembourgish victims of the Nazi regime, alongside the two well-established groups: the victims of forced recruitment in the German armed forces and the victims of the anti-Nazi resistance struggle.
Points of interest on the map
Points of interest
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"text": "<p>Of the almost 4000 Jewish residents of Luxembourg at the beginning of the war, only about 60 were still living in Luxembourg in so-called “mixed marriages” at the end of the war. On 10 May 1940, the day of the German invasion, several hundred Jewish families had already fled to France and Belgium. When the racial laws and other anti-Jewish measures were introduced in September 1940, there were still about 1800 Jewish people living in Luxembourg. That is when the emigrations and, from 16 October 1941, the deportations to the East, namely to the concentration and extermination camps began. A total of 658 persons of Jewish origin were deported directly from Luxembourg to the East. 44 of them survived the Shoah, which corresponds to a survival rate of 7%.</p><p>The first deportation took place on 16 and 17 October 1941. A total of 323 Jewish persons were deported to the Litzmannstadt ghetto in the course of this first deportation. The deportees had to pay for the ticket to Litzmannstadt (the Polish city of Lodz, renamed by Hitler) with their own money. The Gestapo held the Jewish consistory responsible for the punctual arrival at the main station. The consistory thus paid for buses to take the deportees to the main station. The area there was largely cordoned off by the Gestapo. According to the latest findings, 190 Jewish people from the Trier-Bernkastel area were brought to Luxembourg and joined the Luxembourg group. After 14 hours of waiting, the third-class train left the station on 17 October at about 1 a.m. It reached Litzmannstadt the following day with 513 people aboard at 2.30 p.m. Of the 323 deportees from Luxembourg, only 11 survived the Shoah.</p><p>The second deportation to Izbica near Lublin in occupied Poland took place on 23 April 1942. The deportees were first taken to Trier and then to Stuttgart, where they became part of a larger transport. The Luxembourg deportees reached Izbica on 29 April 1942, and were most likely taken to the Sobibor extermination camp in mid-May 1942. None of these 24 deportees survived the Shoah.</p><p>The third deportation followed on 12 July 1942. Another 24 Jewish deportees were probably transported via Chemnitz to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. None of them survived.</p><p>The fourth deportation took place two weeks later on 26 July 1942. The 24 Jewish deportees were first taken to Trier, then to Cologne and finally to Theresienstadt. Of the 24 deportees, two women survived.</p><p>The fifth and second largest of the seven deportations to the East took place on 28 July 1942, only two days after the fourth deportation. The train started at the so-called \"Jewish old people's home\" in Fünfbrunnen in the north of Luxembourg with a total of 77 elderly people. In Luxembourg City, the remaining deportees joined them. Among them were 27 seriously ill people from various hospitals and five inmates from the sanatorium in Ettelbrück. The train consisted of cattle cars, which were equipped with mattresses, straw and blankets. Among the deportees was the then 80-year-old painter Guido Oppenheim. The train reached the Theresienstadt ghetto on 30 July 1942. Of the 156 people deported, only 9 survived the Shoah. Of the 147 victims, 73 died in Theresienstadt, the rest were deported to extermination camps.</p><p>The sixth deportation took place on 6 and 7 April 1943 from Luxembourg to Theresienstadt. The deportees were crammed into five freight cars at the Fünfbrunnen collection camp. The elderly and sick had to be carried into the freight cars. The transport reached the Theresienstadt ghetto after an odyssey of three days and four nights. It is said that several people were already dead on arrival. With this transport, Fünfbrunnen was de facto disbanded. Of the 97 deportees, a total of 20 survived.</p><p>The seventh and last deportation took place on 17 June 1943 from Luxembourg to Theresienstadt and partly to Auschwitz-Birkenau via Berlin. Of the 10 deportees, only two survived.</p><p>In total, it is estimated that more than 1300 Jewish victims who were living in the Grand Duchy at the time of the German invasion were murdered by the Nazi regime. Those who were not deported from Luxembourg were in many cases picked up by local police and German occupying forces in France and Belgium and deported from there to extermination camps.</p>",
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"text": "<p>Villa Pauly was built in 1923 by the Luxembourg surgeon Dr Norbert Pauly and served as his home and medical practice. When the German troops occupied Luxembourg on 10 May 1940, Dr Pauly was on holiday in the south of France. On his return in late summer, he learned that his house had been confiscated by the Gestapo - the \"Secret State Police\". Reluctantly, he had to sign a lease agreement with them. In addition to their headquarters in the Villa Pauly, the Gestapo ran two field offices, one in Esch-Alzette and one in Diekirch.</p><p>Villa Pauly became the symbol of Nazi terror in Luxembourg: all those suspected of resisting National Socialism were interrogated here and often tortured. The vaults of the villa were used for those purposes. There were also some prison cells established. They were unfortunately not preserved after the war. Survivors report that they were hung upside down from heating pipes or beaten with a whip. After an initial violent interrogation, many prisoners had difficulty climbing the stairs from the cellar to the upper floors of the villa, which earned them kicks and further abuse. Around 1500 people suspected of resisting National Socialism were taken by the Gestapo to the SS concentration camp Hinzert near Trier. </p><p>The Gestapo also organised the registration and deportation of the Jewish residents at Villa Pauly. On 12 September 1940, the Chief Rabbi Dr. Serebrenik was informed that all Jewish residents of Luxembourg had to leave the country by 26 September. This order triggered a reaction of panic within the Jewish population. The Jewish consistory then asked for more time and offered its cooperation in return. At the Gestapo, the criminal police secretary Otto Schmalz was responsible for the deportation of the Jews; at the same time, he was also the contact person for the Jewish consistory. Members of the Jewish consistory had to regularly report to the Gestapo headquarters in order to receive orders regarding the organisation of the Jewish deportations. After the first deportation on 16 and 17 October 1941, Gauleiter Gustav Simon announced in the press that Luxembourg was now \"free of Jews\" - but in fact 6 more deportation trains left the occupied country. The solidarity and willingness of the Luxembourgers to help the Jewish population was low or almost non-existent: a handful of Jewish people were temporarily hidden within Luxembourgish families. One of the reasons for this is certainly the mainly religiously motivated anti-Semitism prevalent in this staunchly Catholic country at the time, as well as the lack of contact between the Christian and Jewish residents of Luxembourg. </p><p>Repressive measures against other minorities - such as Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, Romani people, travellers and so-called \"anti-social people\" were also taken at the Villa Pauly.</p><p>After the war, a total of 16 members of the Gestapo in Luxembourg were sentenced for war crimes by a Luxembourgish Court. The Villa Pauly was initially rented by the Luxembourg State and used as an office for various ministries (health, labour and social affairs). In March 1960, the Luxembourg State finally became the owner of Villa Pauly and classified the building in 1989 as an historical monument. Today, Villa Pauly houses the headquarters of the <i>Comité pour la mémoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale</i> (Committee for the Remembrance of World War Two), established by law in 2016. This is an advisory body in which the three main groups of World War Two victims from Luxembourg are equally represented. For the first time since the end of the war, Jewish Holocaust victims are represented on an equal footing with the victims of anti-Nazi resistance and the victims of forced recruitment of Luxembourgers in the German armed forces. Today, the Villa Pauly also houses the headquarters of the <i>Fondation nationale de la Résistance</i> (FONARES) and the <i>Fondation luxembourgeoise pour la Mémoire de la Shoah.</i></p>",
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"text": "<p>Albert Nussbaum was born on 4 February 1898 in Monneren, near Thionville. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Differdange, a small town in the south of Luxembourg, where his father Gustave Nussbaum opened a textile shop. After his father passed away in 1929, the family moved to Luxembourg City, where Albert Nussbaum took over a second store called “Palais de l’Habillement” that his father had opened at 13 Krautmarkt Street (Rue du Marché-aux-Herbes). </p><p>In 1935, Albert Nussbaum acquired Luxembourgish citizenship. He also became involved in the Jewish consistory and took the presidency in the 1930s. In his capacity as president of the consistory and treasurer of the ESRA, the Jewish aid committee of the consistory, Nussbaum held active exchanges with the Luxembourg Administrative Commission, a body put in place after the German invasion to serve as an interlocutor between the Luxembourg State and the German occupying force during the first six months of the occupation. This commission helped Jews leave the country. Nussbaum became an invaluable emigration organiser for Jewish residents from Luxembourg. </p><p>From July 1940 onwards, the plan emerged to organise the Jewish emigration of those in possession of a visa to North or South America via Portugal. From August 1940, Nussbaum accompanied several emigration groups from Luxembourg to Portugal. In Lisbon, Nussbaum made contact with the Luxembourgish government-in-exile as well as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee - an aid organisation of US Jews - and HICEM, a Jewish aid organisation with offices in Lisbon from mid-1940, which helped European Jews to emigrate. He also contacted various embassies to obtain information about emigration possibilities to South America, the Dominican Republic, Africa and Palestine. Nussbaum was initially able to accompany the Jewish emigration convoys from Luxembourg to Lisbon. From the end of 1940, the situation for Nussbaum worsened and he was no longer able to return to Luxembourg for security reasons. He then continued his work from Lisbon until he himself finally had to emigrate overseas, first to Santo Domingo and then to the USA in May 1942. All in all, it was mainly thanks to his commitment and his efficient networking, as well as his relations with the Luxembourgish government-in-exile, that more than one thousand Jews were able to leave Luxembourg.</p>",
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1. Central Station - Deportations
Of the almost 4000 Jewish residents of Luxembourg at the beginning of the war, only about 60 were still living in Luxembourg in so-called “mixed marriages” at the end of the war. On 10 May 1940, the d...
2. Former seat of the Nazi civil administration of Luxembourg (1940-1944)
After the invasion of German troops on 10 May 1940, Luxembourg was initially placed under German military administration, which was replaced by a German civil administration in July 1940. On 21 July 1...
3. Former jewish school
At the beginning of the 1940/41 school year, all schools in the country were required to draw up lists of names of Jewish pupils. From 1 November 1940, Jewish pupils were excluded from the public scho...
4. Villa Pauly - former Gestapo headquarters (1940-1944)
Villa Pauly was built in 1923 by the Luxembourg surgeon Dr Norbert Pauly and served as his home and medical practice. When the German troops occupied Luxembourg on 10 May 1940, Dr Pauly was on holiday...
5. Old Synagogue
Luxembourg's first synagogue since expulsions of Jews in past centuries was inaugurated in 1823 and was located near the "Kaddish" Shoah memorial, inaugurated in 2018. It was replaced by the much...
6. Albert Nussbaum: the Luxembourgish Emigration Helper
Albert Nussbaum was born on 4 February 1898 in Monneren, near Thionville. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Differdange, a small town in the south of Luxembourg, where his father Gustave Nu...
7. Location of Luxembourg's Synagogue from 1823
In 1821, the Jewish community in Luxembourg City acquired a house in Rue du Séminaire, where they established a Synagogue. In 1823, the Synagogue was inaugurated and run by Pinhas Godchaux. It had a c...
8. Kaddish Monument
The Luxembourg Memorial for Shoah victims was inaugurated on 17 June 2018, 75 years after the last deportation of Jews from Luxembourg to the East. It commemorates the persecution, deportation and mur...
Important information
Duration
2 hours
Infos
Copyright: MemoShoah Luxembourg asbl.
Audio guide
With the help of an audio guide, the two-hour Shoah Memorial Trail in Luxembourg City offers an insight into the wiping out of Jewish life in Luxembourg by Nazi Germany.
Shoah Memorial Trail in Luxembourg City